Etymological roots are indicated by the sign ç.

Language groups are as follows: SKT: Sanscrt; E: Egyptian; HB: Hebrew; GK: Greek; L: Latin; AS: Anglo Saxon; ME: Middle English; OHG: Old High German; G: German; OFR: Old French; FR: French; IT: Italian; ICL: Icelandic; N: Nordic; SW: Swedish.

AS: pal, L: palus = stake, thin rod - cf. pale = narrow piece of wood for enclosing ground, an enclosure, limit, district (impale, palisade = enclosure of pales/poles; peel = wooden stockade, small castle; and pile = pointed stick, javelin - originally a pestle, from L: pinsere, SKT: pimsh = to pound; cf. pinch) - cf. pac- = to fasten; pacisci = to stipulate (pact).